Periimplantitis
2. Aetiology and epidemiology
Mucositis and peri-implantitis occur with a prevalence of about 63.4% and 5% to 47.1% respectively, with the large fluctuations attributable to different study designs and population sizes in the publications with varying risk profiles and calculation profiles (SCHWARZ et al., 2008, ATIEH et al., 2012; CHARYEVA et al., 2012; SCHLOTTIG, 2011; ZITZMANN & BERGLUNDH, 2008, Smeets et al., 2014a).
ZITZMANN & BERGLUNDH (2008) quantified the incidence of the development of peri-implantitis in patients with prior periodontitis as being almost six times higher than for patients with no previous history of periodontal inflammatory formations.
After 10 years, between 10% and 50% of all implants showed signs of peri-implantitis (ROOS-JANSÅKER et al., 2007; BEHRENS et al., 2004). According to the consensus report of the sixth European Workshop on Periodontology, LINDHE & MEYLE (2008) reported the frequency of mucositis as being 80% and that of peri-implantitis as 28% to 56% among patients with implant restorations. The prevalence of peri-implantitis was corrected by MOMBELLI et al. (2012) to 20% of all implant patients and 10% of all implants. The correction downwards was explained by the fact that to correctly determine the prevalence, only those studies can be considered in which the bone loss relevant for the peri-implantitis was determined from the time the suprastructure was inserted (baseline). This led to the recommendation for carrying out radiographic imaging after inserting the suprastructure and using this as the foundation for future evaluation of any peri-implant bone losses. Spectra consisting of P. intermedia/nigrescens, S. constellatus, A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. denticola und T. forsythia among others have been verified as marker bacteria.
Complex | Marker bacterium | Characteristics |
---|---|---|
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans |
| |
A |
Porphyromonas gingivalis |
|
Tannerella forsythensis |
| |
Treponema denticola |
| |
B |
Campylobacter gracilis |
|
Campylobacter rectus |
| |
Eubacterium nodatum |
| |
Fusobacterium nucleatum |
| |
Peptostreptococus micros |
| |
B |
Prevotella intermedia |
|
Prevotella nigrescens |
| |
C |
Streptococcus gordonii |
|
Streptococcus mitis |
| |
D |
Campylobacter concisius |
|
Capnocytophaga gingivalis |
| |
Eikenella corrodens |
| |
E |
Actinomyces odontolyticus |
|
Actinomyces viscosus |
| |
Veillonella parvula |
|
Bacteria in complex A are associated strongly with deep pockets and bleeding on probing (BOP), while bacteria in complex B have a significantly increased association with the pocket depth. The bacterial communities in complexes C, D and E can be classified as physiological in isolation and when diagnosed as a collective are possibly of importance in processes in periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Modified from Socransky (1998).
Depending on the type and antibiotic, variable levels of resistance of the individual pathogens have been described (Tab. 2) (ZITZMANN & BERGLUNDH, 2008; RAMS et al., 2014). According to RAMS et al. (2014), of 120 patients a total of 71.7% displayed resistance against at least one active substance.
Antibiotic | Resistance |
---|---|
Clindamycin | 46,7 % |
Amoxicillin | 39,2 % |
Doxycyclin | 25,0 % |
Metronidazol | 21,7 % |
Amoxicilin & Metronidazol | 6,7 % |
Antibiotic resistance in Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens and Steptococcus constellatus (n=120) (RAMS et al., 2014)
A fundamental difference to periodontitis is that, in addition to the known marker periodontal bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus in particular appears to play an important role in peri-implantitis. This bacterium has a high affinity for titanium and has a high positive (80%) and a high negative (90%) predictive value according to studies carried out by SALVI et al. (2008).
The occurrence of peri-implantitis can be influenced by the surface properties of the implant shoulder. However, current data cannot conclusively confirm whether a rough or a smooth surface favours the development of peri-implantitis (DEGIDI et al., 2012, SCHLOTTIG, 2011, SUBRAMANI et al., 2009).